Bonds vs. Bond Funds: Which is Right for You?

Individual bonds

Bonds typically pay semiannual coupon or interest payments and have fixed principal values—also known as face or par values—that are repaid at maturity. Although the par values are generally fixed, the price of a given bond can fluctuate in the secondary market depending on the direction of interest rates. When rates rise, bond prices typically fall, and vice versa. As the bond approaches its maturity date, its price generally will converge with its par value. For example, the chart below shows the price of a 10-year U.S. Treasury note that was issued in May 2016 and matured in May 2026. The bond's coupon was 1.625%, which an investor received on a semiannual basis even though the value fluctuated between about $890 and $1,075. The note surged above par during the COVID-19-era flight-to-safety rally in 2020, then fell sharply below par as the Federal Reserve embarked on its fastest rate-hiking cycle in decades beginning in 2022—before ultimately maturing at par ($1,000) in May 2026. But holding a bond to maturity does come with an opportunity cost: If rates rise while you're holding the bond, you could miss out on the higher coupons offered by newer bonds on the market.

The key benefits to owning individual bonds, barring bond default, include:

• A reliable income stream that is great for planning: If an investor has periodic upcoming expenses, like college tuition, having a reliable income stream can be great for planning.
• A predictable value at maturity: Assuming the bond is not callable (eligible to be called back by the issuer at or above par prior to its maturity date), you will receive the par value of the bond at maturity, barring default. Knowing this may help you ignore potential price fluctuations for the bond if you plan to hold it to maturity.
• Your own cost basis: With individual bonds, the price you pay to purchase the bond, and the amortization of any premium or discount for the bond, forms your cost basis. This feature is useful for tax-planning purposes.

The downsides to owning individual bonds include:

• You need a significant amount of bonds to achieve diversification. There are many sub-asset classes within the fixed income market, and diversification may be difficult to achieve using only individual bonds. Along with diversification among sub-asset classes, diversification across issuers is also crucial. The amount you must invest to achieve this level of diversification¹ might be cost prohibitive for some investors.
• Pricing is generally less attractive than the pricing institutional investors receive. Institutional investors—those who purchase large quantities of bonds at one time—generally receive better pricing than individual investors. It is important to examine the price you are paying when purchasing individual bonds.
• It takes a significant amount of time to research individual bonds and manage a strategy for the bonds. There are thousands of individual bonds from thousands of individual issuers that are available to buy. Researching the issuer alone to get a sense of its creditworthiness often isn't enough—most issuers have multiple bonds outstanding, each with its own characteristics. Taking this all in, it's a comprehensive process to make sure you're owning the bonds that are right for you. Even after investing in a portfolio of bonds, managing the holdings can still be time-consuming.

Bond funds

Bond funds usually hold many bonds with a variety of issuers, maturity dates, coupon rates, and credit ratings. Unlike individual bonds, which usually make semiannual interest payments, bond funds usually make monthly distributions that can be paid directly to the investor or reinvested into the fund to compound returns. One key difference between individual bonds and bond funds is that with bond funds, there's no guarantee that you'll receive a predictable value at a specific time, particularly in a rising-rate environment.

The key benefits to owning bond funds include:

• Greater diversification per dollar invested: It is much easier to achieve a diversified bond portfolio per dollar invested using a fund, because you generally obtain exposure to a basket of bonds within the fund.
• Access to institutional pricing: Bond funds generally receive better pricing on individual bonds than individual investors do. All else being equal, a lower price generally means a higher yield.
• Professional management: Some of the riskier segments of the fixed income market, like high-yield bonds, bank loans, or preferred securities, have many nuances. They require a good knowledge of industry trends and credit analysis to navigate them successfully. If the fund is more actively managed, it also allows the manager to buy or sell bonds depending on the economic and interest rate environment, potentially increasing returns and income.

The downside to owning bond funds include:

• No predictable value at maturity. As interest rates rise and fall, the price or net asset value (NAV) of a given bond fund will fall and rise respectively, and there's no certainty as to what the price or NAV may be at a point in the future. However, individual bond holders can generally "look through" price declines knowing that they’ll receive a specified amount when each bond matures, barring default. This generally makes bond funds less attractive than individual bonds when planning for future liabilities. But this can be offset by higher income payments—as bond yields rise and the managers of a fund buy and sell holdings, they may invest in higher-yielding securities, resulting in higher distributions over time.
• The management fee: Management fees for the more actively traded bond funds can be higher, which may lead to lower returns. In contrast, when owning individual bonds, there's usually a commission charged when the bond is purchased, and unless it's sold prior to maturity, there are no other charges.
• Different cost basis and tax consequences: Since bond funds generally hold pooled money, the tax consequences can be different from holding individual bonds where investors have their own cost basis. ETFs often generate fewer capital gains for investors than mutual funds—partly because many of them are passively managed and don't often change their holdings. We previously wrote about how sales of securities within a mutual fund may trigger capital gains for shareholders—even for those whose investment is down from when they first bought it. Actively managed funds tend to have a higher tax cost than index funds because frequent trading can lead to more taxable capital gains. The more activity in a fund, the more those taxes add up.

Investor preferences and circumstances


^{Source: Schwab Center for Financial Research. For illustrative purposes only.}

All pros and cons for individual bonds and bond funds must be placed into the context of your preferences and circumstances. What works well for you might not work well for others, and vice versa. The table above is a good starting point for deciding what is better for you. There are three important considerations when determining whether an individual bond or bond fund is better for you: the amount you must invest, your financial goals, and your behavioral preferences.

The amount of assets you have to invest in your bond portfolio is a key consideration when determining whether to invest in individual bonds or bond funds. Individual bonds have denominations that can be cost-prohibitive for some investors. Add in how many individual bonds an investor needs for sufficient diversification, and the dollar amount continues to rise. For some, it might make sense to use a more accessible bond fund, or a combination of bond funds with individual bonds.

Financial goals are another crucial factor to consider. If you are looking for predictable value and certainty for your financial goals, then individual bonds may be a better fit. Meanwhile, if you are looking for professional management and want greater diversification for your financial goals, then bond funds may be a better fit.

Behavioral preference is another important consideration. If seeing the price or NAV of your fund fluctuate and having no control over certain tax consequences makes you uncomfortable, then bond funds might not be the best solution for you. It's important to realize that while you cannot eliminate the emotions involved in investing, you can recognize how a certain investment might make you feel and adapt your investment choices accordingly.

In the long run, the difference in performance between a portfolio of individual bonds and a bond fund with the same duration and credit quality, held for the same amount of time, is likely to be small, because most of what an investor gets out of investing in bonds is the income generated by coupon returns, rather than the price change. The key is to make sure the investment vehicle you choose aligns with your goals and timeframe.

What to consider next

There's no one right answer—bonds or bond funds—for every investor, and there are instances where it can make sense to invest in both individual bonds and bond funds. The decision often comes down to the amount you must invest, the preference for a professional manager, and the need for a predictable value at maturity.

Holding individual bonds generally requires more time and effort from the investor, but a Schwab Fixed Income Specialist can help get you started. For bond funds, knowing your risk tolerance, investment goals, and investment time horizon makes selecting bond funds much easier. Both the Schwab Mutual Fund OneSource Select List^® and the ETF Select List^® can help streamline the process even further, enabling you to screen a high-quality group of funds based on these criteria.

¹ When owning individual bonds, the Schwab Center for Financial Research generally suggests holding at least 10 individual issues. For non-government guaranteed bonds like municipal or corporate bonds, we suggest holding at least 10 different issuers as well, to boost the diversification benefit and reduce the impact if any of the issuers were to default. Since bond mutual funds and ETFs own many securities, the impact of one bond default would likely be less than for an individual investor owning individual bonds. While some bond investments may be made in denominations as low as $1,000 per bond, the appropriate amount to invest is best determined by an individual's investing goals and objectives.

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This material is intended for general informational and educational purposes only. This should not be considered an individualized recommendation or personalized investment advice. The investment strategies mentioned are not suitable for everyone. Each investor needs to review an investment strategy for his or her own particular situation before making any investment decisions.

Past performance is no guarantee of future results. The value of investments and the income derived from them can go down as well as up. Future returns and the achievement of stated goals are not guaranteed, and a loss of principal may occur.

Investing involves risk, including loss of principal.

Fixed income securities are subject to increased loss of principal during periods of rising interest rates. Fixed income investments are subject to various other risks including changes in credit quality, market valuations, liquidity, prepayments, early redemption, corporate events, tax ramifications, and other factors. Lower rated securities are subject to greater credit risk, default risk, and liquidity risk.

Diversification and asset allocation strategies do not ensure a profit and do not protect against losses in declining markets.

Preferred securities are a type of hybrid investments that share characteristics of both stock and bonds. They are often callable, meaning the issuing company may redeem the security at a certain price after a certain date. Such call features, and the timing of a call, may affect the security's yield. Preferred securities generally have lower credit ratings and a lower claim to assets than the issuer's individual bonds. Like bonds, prices of preferred securities tend to move inversely with interest rates, so their prices may fall during periods of rising interest rates. Investment value will fluctuate, and preferred securities, when sold before maturity, may be worth more or less than original cost. Preferred securities are subject to various other risks including changes in interest rates and credit quality, default risks, market valuations, liquidity, prepayments, early redemption, deferral risk, corporate events, tax ramifications, and other factors.

Tax-exempt bonds are not necessarily a suitable investment for all persons. Information related to a security's tax-exempt status (federal and in-state) is obtained from third parties, and Charles Schwab & Co., Inc. does not guarantee its accuracy. Tax-exempt income may be subject to the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). Capital appreciation from bond funds and discounted bonds may be subject to state or local taxes. Capital gains are not exempt from federal income tax.

Bank loans typically have below investment-grade credit ratings and may be subject to more credit risk, including the risk of nonpayment of principal or interest. Most bank loans have floating coupon rates that are tied to short-term reference rates like the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR), so substantial increases in interest rates may make it more difficult for issuers to service their debt and cause an increase in loan defaults. A rise in short-term reference rates typically results in higher income payments for investors, however. Bank loans are typically secured by collateral posted by the issuer, or guarantees of its affiliates, the value of which may decline and be insufficient to cover repayment of the loan. Many loans are relatively illiquid or are subject to restrictions on resales, have delayed settlement periods, and may be difficult to value. Bank loans are also subject to maturity extension risk and prepayment risk.

High-yield securities and unrated securities of similar credit quality (junk bonds) are subject to greater levels of credit and liquidity risks and may be more volatile than higher-rated securities. High-yield securities are considered predominately speculative with respect to the issuer’s continuing ability to make principal and interest payments.

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